|
Refusenik ((ロシア語:отказник), otkaznik, from "отказ", ''otkaz'' "refusal") was an unofficial term for individuals, typically but not exclusively Soviet Jews, who were denied permission to emigrate by the authorities of the former Soviet Union and other countries of the Eastern bloc.〔Mark Azbel' and Grace Pierce Forbes. (Refusenik, trapped in the Soviet Union. ) Houghton Mifflin, 1981. ISBN 0-395-30226-9〕 The term ''refusenik'' is derived from the "refusal" handed down to a prospective emigrant from the Soviet authorities. In addition to the Jews, broader categories included: *Other ethnicities, such as Volga Germans attempting to leave for Germany, Armenians wanting to join their diaspora, and Greeks forcibly removed by Stalin from Crimea and other southern lands to Siberia. *Members of persecuted religious groups, such as the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, Baptists and other Protestant groups, Russian Mennonites, and Jehovah's Witnesses. A typical pretext to deny emigration was the real and alleged association with state secrets. As a rule, Soviet dissidents and refuseniks were fired from their workplaces and denied employment according to their major specialty. As a result, they had to find a menial job, such as a street sweeper, or face imprisonment on charges of social parasitism.〔("Злоупотребления законодательством о труде" ), a document of the Moscow Helsinki Group.〕 The ban on Jewish immigration to Israel was lifted in 1971 leading to the 1970s Soviet Union aliyah. The coming to power of Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in the mid-1980s, and his policies of glasnost and perestroika, as well as a desire for better relations with the West, led to major changes, and most refuseniks were allowed to emigrate. Over time, "refusenik" has entered colloquial English for a person who refuses to do something, especially by way of protest.〔Oxford English Dictionary,(online). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2012-06-08.〕 ==History of the Jewish refuseniks == A large number of Soviet Jews applied for exit visas to leave the Soviet Union, especially in the period following the 1967 Six-Day War. While some were allowed to leave, many were refused permission to emigrate, either immediately or after their cases would languish for years in the ''OVIR'' (ОВиР, "Отдел Виз и Регистрации", "Otdel Viz i Registratsii", English: Office of Visas and Registration), the MVD (Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs) department responsible for exit visas. In many instances, the reason given for denial was that these persons had been given access, at some point in their careers, to information vital to Soviet national security and could not now be allowed to leave.〔(The Right to Emigrate, cont. ) Beyond the Pale. The History of Jews in Russia. Exhibit by (Friends and Partners )〕 During the Cold War, Soviet Jews were thought to be a security liability or possible traitors.〔Joseph Dunner. ''Anti-Jewish discrimination since the end of World War II''. (Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey. Vol. 1. ) Willem A. Veenhoven and Winifred Crum Ewing (Editors). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1975. Hague. ISBN 90-247-1779-5, ISBN 90-247-1780-9; pages 69-82〕 To apply for an exit visa, the applicants (and often their entire families) would have to quit their jobs, which in turn would make them vulnerable to charges of social parasitism, a criminal offense.〔 Many Jews encountered systematic, institutional antisemitism which blocked their opportunities for advancement. Some government sectors were almost entirely off-limits to Jews.〔〔Benjamin Pinkus. (The Jews of the Soviet Union: the history of a national minority ). Cambridge University Press, January 1990. ISBN 978-0-521-38926-6; pp. 229-230.〕 In addition, Soviet restrictions on religious education and expression prevented Jews from engaging in Jewish cultural and religious life. While these restrictions led many Jews to seek emigration,〔Boris Morozov (Editor). ''Documents on Soviet Jewish Emigration.'' Taylor & Francis, 1999. ISBN 978-0-7146-4911-5〕 requesting an exit visa was itself seen as an act of betrayal by Soviet authorities. Thus, prospective emigrants requested permission to emigrate at great personal risk, knowing that an official refusal would often be accompanied by dismissal from work and other forms of social ostracism and economic pressure. At the same time, strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to significantly increase the emigration quota. In the years 1960 through 1970, only 4,000 people (legally) emigrated from the USSR. In the following decade, the number rose to 250,000,〔〕 to fall again by 1980. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Refusenik」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|